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Methods: To test for inhibitory effects of induced terpenes on colonization by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L. ) we inoculated 20 mature Norway spruce Picea abies (L. ) Karsten trees with a virulent fungus associated with the beetle, Ceratocystis polonica (Siem. ) C. Moreau, and investigated induced terpene levels and beetle colonization in the bark. Results: Fungal inoculation induced very strong and highly variable terpene accumulation 35 days after inoculation.
Folkehelseinstituttets foreløpige anbefalinger om 15. des. 2020 — Modellering av vaksinasjonsstrategier mot COVID-19 i Norge Tyskland og Tyrkia i juli-november 2020 (25). Median alder blant deltagerne var 52 ...
New Phytologist, 167: 353-376. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 01436. x Poster – Can Norway spruce be vaccinated against fungal infection and insect attack? Ngan Bao Huynh, Taina Pennanen,... ASPB 2023, Savannah, GA. 06. 08. 2023 - 09. 11. 2023 Huynh, N. B., Krokene, P., Pennanen, T., Gershenzon, J. & Olsen, J. E. 2023. Can Norway spruce be vaccinated against fungal infection and insect attack? (Poster).
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We found local and systemic induction of the resistance marker genes PaChi4, PaPAL and PaPX3 indicative of an effective induced host defence response. There were minor local and systemic changes in the expression of five miRNAs and 21 NB-LRRs between healthy and treated plants. Only five putative NB-LRRs (PaLRR1, PaLRR3, PaLRR14, PaLRR15 and PaLRR16) showed significant increases greater than two-fold as a local response to C.
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Growth and pine weevil attacks of the plants were registered. Nursery-grown plants had higher total concentrations of phenolic compounds and lower concentrations of terpenes than naturally regenerated plants. These opposite responses were reflected in very different compound profiles in the two plant types. We suggest the differences between plant types to be results of differences in plant age, stress level, genetic origin or possibly a combination of these factors.
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Trees with high induced terpene levels (n = 7) had only 4. 9% as many beetle attacks (5. 1 vs. 103. 5 attacks m22) and 2. 6% as much gallery length (0. 029 m m22 vs. 1. 11 m m22) as trees with low terpene levels (n = 6). There was a highly significant rank correlation between terpene levels at day 35 and beetle colonization in individual trees. The relationship between induced terpene levels and beetle colonization was not linear but thresholded: above a low threshold concentration of, 100 mg terpene g21 dry phloem trees suffered only moderate beetle colonization, and above a high threshold of, 200 mg terpene g21 dry phloem trees were virtually unattacked. Conclusion/Significance: This is the first study demonstrating a dose-dependent relationship between induced terpenes and tree resistance to bark beetle colonization under field conditions, indicating that terpene induction may be instrumental in tree resistance.
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The trees were sampled before the main beetle flight in a natural Norway spruce-dominated forest. No pheromones were used to attract beetles to the experimental trees. To test the trees’ defense potential, each tree was treated in a local area with the defense hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJ), and treated and untreated bark were analyzed for 66 different compounds, including terpenes, phenolics and alkaloids. The chemistry of MeJ-treated bark correlated strongly with the success of I. typographus attack, revealing major chemical differences between killed trees and unsuccessfully attacked trees. Surviving trees produced significantly higher amounts of most of the 39 analyzed mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes and of 4 of 20 phenolics. Alkaloids showed no clear pattern.
PLOS ONE, 6(10) 2011. 8 Zhao, T., Krokene, P., Hu, J., Christiansen, E., Björklund, N., Långström, B., Solheim, H. Induced Terpene Accumulation in Norway Spruce Inhibits Bark Beetle Colonization in a Dose-Dependent Manner. PLOS ONE, 6(10):8 s. 1371/journal. pone. 0026649 Background: Tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) are among the most economically and ecologically important forest pests in the northern hemisphere. Induction of terpenoid-based oleoresin has long been considered important in conifer defense against bark beetles, but it has been difficult to demonstrate a direct correlation between terpene levels and resistance to bark beetle colonization.
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123-142. Springer. Global warming will most likely lead to increased drought stress in forest trees. We wanted to describe the adaptive responses of fine roots and fungal hyphae, at different soil depths, in a Norway spruce stand to long-term drought stress induced by precipitation exclusion over two growing seasons. We used soil cores, minirhizotrons and nylon meshes to estimate growth, biomass and distribution of fine roots and fungal hyphae at different soil depths. In control plots fine roots proliferated in upper soil layers, whereas in drought plots there was no fine root growth in upper soil layers and roots mostly occupied deeper soil layers. Fungal hyphae followed the same pattern as fine roots, with the highest biomass in deeper soil layers in drought plots. We conclude that both fine roots and fungal hyphae respond to long-term drought stress by growing into deeper soil layers.
Dette kan skyldes at mye tørkesvak mark har gitt ekstra mye svekkede grantrær etter tørkesommeren 2018. Videre kan en varm sommer ha gitt grunnlag for to angrepsperioder for barkbillene i stedet for en. Billenivået i øvrige fylker varierer fra 30 til 51% av utbruddsnivået ved slutten av 1970-tallet. Det er noen skaderapporter fra kommuner i den boreonemorale sonen rundt Oslofjorden utenom Vestfold, men det er ofte uklart om skadene skyldes tørke eller barkbilleangrep. De boreale skogene i indre deler av Østlandet og i Trøndelag og Nordland har lite eller ingen tørke- og barkbilleskader i år. Videre utvikling av barkbillepopulasjoner og skader i 2022 er usikker, fordi vi ikke vet hvor mye skog som fortsatt er svekket etter tørkesommeren 2018 og som derfor kan angripes av granbarkbillen.
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sinense and Ophiostoma canum) associated with pine shoot beetles to Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis) in SW China. Following fungal inoculation, we measured necrotic lesion lengths, antioxidant enzyme activities and monoterpene concentrations in the stem phloem of Yunnan pine. Leptographium wushanense induced twice as long lesions as L.
The results also provide a mechanistic explanation for the reduced performance and attractivity observed in earlier studies when bark beetles colonize trees with elicited host defenses, and extend our understanding of the ecological functions of conifer resistance against bark beetles. Induced Terpene Accumulation in Norway Spruce Inhibits Bark Beetle Colonization in a Dose-Dependent Manner Jiang Hu,...
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